The book traces the dramatic evolution of philosophical thought between opposing views of both the world and knowledge. It focuses on the problems, the attempts to solve them, the various approaches, and their critical examination from a contemporary perspective, in close connection with the achievements of science. The aim is not only to provide accurate and concise information, but also to familiarize the reader with the style of philosophical thought. The work is distinguished by its well-chosen topics, well-thought-out structure, clear examination of the issues, and non-standard exercises. It is also based on the author’s original research and, consequently, on a thorough knowledge of the primary literature in the major European languages.